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  • The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality
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  • Opiniones de clientes

Opiniones de clientes

4,6 de 5 estrellas
4,6 de 5
155 valoraciones globales
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The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality

The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality

porKatharina Pistor
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Johannes Schmidt
5,0 de 5 estrellas Kompliziert aber top
Revisado en Alemania 🇩🇪 el 23 de diciembre de 2022
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Als nicht Jurist muss man sich manchmal sehr reindenken, aber wenn man sich darauf einlässt sind die insights wirklich fantastisch und das Buch ist super geschrieben
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Matias Berg
5,0 de 5 estrellas Ein augenöffnendes Buch über das rechtliche Betriebssystem des globalen Kapitalismus
Revisado en Alemania 🇩🇪 el 4 de enero de 2021
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Die Autorin hat ein wirklich faszinierendes Buch geschrieben, wobei sich das Faszinierende leider erst auf den zweiten Blick erschließt, da die Lektüre des Buches für Nicht-Juristen wie mich, nun ja, kein Lusterlebnis ist. Ich gebe auch gerne zu , dass ich vermutlich nur die Hälfte des Textes verstanden habe, aber das, was ich verstanden habe, das hat es in sich. Und es hat mir in mancherlei Hinsicht die Augen geöffnet.

Frau Pistor bietet nichts weniger als einen Blick hinter die Kulissen des Kapitalismus. Bei „Kapital“ denkt man immer an Geld, an Banken, Hedge-Fonds, vielleicht noch an Steuern und Steuerparadiese und dergleichen. Doch die Autorin lenkt den Blick auf das „Betriebssystem“ des Kapitalismus (insbesondere anglo-amerikanischer Prägung), also das, was zum Funktioniern unabdingbar ist, dem Nutzer aber normalerweise verborgen bleibt: Das Recht. Und zwar nicht das Recht, wie es sich in Gesetzen findet, welche von Parlamenten erlassen werden, sondern vom Privatrecht, das quasi ein Schattendasein in einem Schattenreich führt, in dem die Anwälte die Herren sind, oder besser: die Programmierer. Denn das englische Wort „Code“ bedeutet zweierlei: Code und eben auch „Programm“ (im Sinne von Computerprogramm).

Anwälte sind es im Wesentlichen, die aus einem beliebigen Gut („an asset“) Kapital machen, indem sie dieses Gut „codieren“ bzw. „programmieren“, und ihm so spezielle Eigenschaften verleihen. Sie schreibt:

„Fundamentally, capital is made from two ingredients: an asset, and the legal code. I use the term “asset” broadly to denote any object, claim, skill, or idea, regardless of its form. In their unadulterated appearance, these simple assets are just that: a piece of dirt, a building, a promise to receive payment at a future date, an idea for a new drug, or a string of digital code. With the right legal coding, any of these assets can be turned into capital and thereby increase its propensity to create wealth for its holder(s).“

Diese Eigenschaften, die aus einem Gut ein Kapital machen sind:
„Priority, which ranks competing claims to the same assets; durability, which extends priority claims in time; universality, which extends them in space; and convertibility, which operates as an insurance device that allows holders to convert their private credit claims into state money on demand.“

Doch welche Rolle spielen die Staaten? Sind sie es nicht, die die Regeln bestimmen? Die Antwort von Frau Pistor: Ja und Nein. Staaten erlassen Gesetze, doch diese sind immer unvollständig, was den privaten Akteuren erlaubt, in den Lücken, die die Gesetze unweigerlich lassen, ihre 'Codierungen' vorzunehmen. Hinzu kommt, dass gerade im sog. Common Law der anglo-amerikanischen Tradition viel weniger 'top down' erlassen wird, sondern sich die Regeln viel mehr evolutionär, also 'bottom up' entwickeln.

Und deswegen ist es auch kein Zufall, dass die beiden maßgeblichen Jurisdiktionen im internationalen Wirtschaftsrecht jene von England und des Staates New York sind, da diese es sind, die den privaten Akteuren den größten Spielraum einräumen. Kurz gesagt: das 'Betriebssystem' der internationalen Märkte kommt also aus England und New York und spricht Englisch.

Zudem entsteht immer mehr eine außerstaatliche Schattengerichtsbarkeit, wenn große Player auf den Märkten in ihren Verträgen stipulieren, dass etwaige Streitigkeiten nicht mehr vor staatlichen Gerichten ausgetragen werden, sondern private Schiedsgerichte angerufen werden müssen.

Die Autorin entwirft gegen Ende des Buches ein Bild, in dem die Staaten immer mehr zu Erfüllungsgehilfen der privaten Akteure, also der Kapitaleigner und ihren Anwälten, werden, wenn staatliche Organe am Ende nur mehr und mehr die in internationalen Anwaltskanzleien generierten Regeln um- und durchsetzen.

Die folgenden Sätze sind ein gutes Fazit dieses klugen Buches:
"There is no capital without law, because only law can bestow priority, durability, convertibility, and universality on assets, and thereby privileges its holders. Capitalism exists because modern legal systems are built on and around individual subjective rights and put the state in the service of protecting these rights."
A 11 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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Inside the Beltway Reader
5,0 de 5 estrellas The law of capital: the mother of all subsidies
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 26 de septiembre de 2019
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This well-written and deeply researched book should be essential reading for anyone with a serious interest in the intersection of law and economics and in understanding, in the words of the subtitle, how the law creates wealth and inequality. The term “law and economics” has come to mean to economists and conservative-leaning jurists the subordination of law to economics and its “natural” laws of supply and demand. Providing a robust antidote to this type of economics-centric thinking, this book by a legal academic makes clear that the “code of capital” owes its power to law that is backed and enforced by the state. The ability to create, preserve and pass on wealth is dependent on how the law governs contracts, property, trusts and corporations, and how it treats debtors and creditors (including in bankruptcy). Not surprisingly, even in democratic societies, these laws systematically privilege capital over labor, shareholders over other stakeholders, and creditors over debtors. While the focus is on the current globalized world of securitized debt, transnational investments, intellectual property, and even cryptocurrency, much of the analysis usefully entails looking back at how these areas of law evolved from feudal times through the Industrial Revolution and to the present, in which legal norms continue to privilege the rich and powerful. Moreover, while the role of legislators and courts is not neglected, the analysis emphasizes how for the most part the applicable law developed at the hands of skilled private lawyers serving their merchant/corporate clients one transaction or investment at a time, and how increasingly disputes are increasingly resolved through private settlements and arbitration walled off from public scrutiny.

Thus, a key take-away is: “Law that is backed by the threat of coercive enforcement increases the likelihood that the commitments that private parties made to one another and the privileges they obtained will be recognized and enforced without regard to pre-existing social ties or competing norms and that these legal claims will even be respected by strangers. As long as the threat of coercive law enforcement is sufficiently credible, voluntary compliance can be achieved without mobilizing it in every case.” The threat of coercive law enforcement and incentives to obey the rules diminish, however, in a globalized commercial world: “The legal protections capital enjoys are arguably the mother of all subsidies. Rising inequality is the logical conclusion of a legal order that systematically privileges some holders’ assets, but not others. This is the case especially in a globalized world, in which intervention on the side of the less advantaged can be so easily punished by capital taking to the exit.”

Last year’s We the Corporations by Adam Winkler provided a masterful legal history on how corporations won important constitutional battles for their own “civil rights” in the Supreme Court over the past 200 years. This book is equally ambitious in addressing how the rest of our common law regime has been shaped by corporate lawyers to advance the interests of corporations and their owners. Together, they go a long way in explaining their dominance in law, society and, inevitably, politics.
A 42 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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Philo
4,0 de 5 estrellas Capitalism's cream rises, through somewhat opaque structures
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 15 de noviembre de 2019
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This is a book of just a sort and focus I've long been waiting for. It gets right to the crux of the nuts and bolts of wealth and power, the maps and charters, if you will, lifting these layers to a deep level which digs beyond the PR myths and justifications offered by the rich and powerful, for their station in life. The roots of power and control can be obscured by various opaque concepts and documents, and it is all laid bare here, concept by concept, piece by piece. I appreciate her digging through some history and delivering some takes I hadn't seen or imagined yet. We must travel back some to see what congealed into our present system. The author explores the different paths and ways of life that were shunted aside, along the way, whose ideas might yet be useful for us, in the search for a future political economy, land use, and planetary footprint that is survivable and good.
Some other books here which touch on similar themes, but from different angles, include Property by Raymond Frey (going back into great thinkers on property's underlying concepts), and White Shoe, by Jon Oller (on the elite lawyer-history side). I found both of those excellent in their own ways, and reviewed them here.

Once this book gets past the basics, about an hour or so in, so;me things show up I appreciate, I have not seen much of elsewhere (in audio),for example:
- A neat map of the financial and corporate structure of latter-day Lehman Brothers, and a sketch of some of its post-bankruptcy experiences (especially rare in the literature). This is a shell game and sleight-of-hand at its best!
- A deeper dive into the parts and operators of a pretty typical collateralized mortgage structure, pre-2008, and its place in mortgage finance (going beyond the simplicities that popular books have stuck with), and
- A journey back into the origins of financial instruments, since about the 1450s, and the evolution of innovations in that area. From that, the listener can follow the bread crumbs right to where we are.
These are relatively unusual things to find at a good price in any form. Each, for me, is worth the price of admission here. A few areas get mildly flat and repetitive, but I overall I like this one a lot.
Another book that may be of interest is a favorite (just read my second time through), The End of Alchemy by Mervyn King. This overlaps with this book, by showing the conjuring act certain powerful private entities are allowed to do, to generate and aim streams of credit and wealth (so, power), and how these entities also enjoy public backstops if things go wrong.
A 19 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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The Infernerator
5,0 de 5 estrellas Essential Explanatory Complement to Piketty's Descriptive Research on Inequality
Revisado en Canadá 🇨🇦 el 14 de agosto de 2019
Compra verificada
This crucial book is clearly written to clarify for a popular audience the all-important, all-governing current legal-institutional relations that support the growth of socio-economic inequality. Pistor explains how the Anglo Common Law works by enabling private law (private law firms representing the globe's 'incumbent' rich) to develop ('innovate') a complex bulwark of property and bankruptcy law apart from societies, states, and even judiciaries (not known for any democratic bias). With the assistance of the impressionable, comprador liberal-conservative political establishment first in the UK & US and second around the world, this Common Law-supported kingdom of private law has effectively reduced the democratic state to little more than a violent enforcer of that private law, as it maldistributes rights and obligations to the augmentation of socio-economic inequality and tyranny. Anglo civil law is distinguished--and so useful to powerful interests--as the legal code of a people with boundary issues, as Stoicist Svend Brinkmann might say. Not only does Pistor's clarification help the reader better understand the fundamental functioning of Anglo-American law, it also suggests structural and political points of change.

For example, by now, most law governing property around the world has never seen the light of a society's court system--It has never been subjected to any socially-rational justification and deliberation. It is simply privately manufactured, and operates as a credible threat ("But it's the law."), to channel wealth and enforce privilege and profound subordination in everyday relations. Were the majority of people--those who carry the risk and costs, who are legally obligated to deliver over the assets and work to the owners, but who do not accrue power--to somehow cohere and push back in the streets and on states, Pistor suggests, private-law's house of cards could tumble.

Upon further reflection, Pistor's sketch of capitalism's naked emperor points to the cyborg technology of policing and surveillance stitching the whole global accumulation and dispossession network together, on the back of climate and environmental crisis.

The book is written to educate a popular audience, explaining law in analogy to computer coding, where society is a computer-user cyborg that keeps getting more inequality and tyranny out of the code. Sometimes the book's concerns are those of lawyers, the coders. For example, Pistor explores whether encrypted blockchain systems can replace lawyers to produce contracts. No, they're too inflexible for a world that includes intrinsic, environmental, random, and agential forms of change. More likely is the unholy cyborg merger of blockchain systems and lawyers to create contracts.
A 2 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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CN
3,0 de 5 estrellas Interesting book and great insights, but the writer needs serious writing lessons.
Revisado en el Reino Unido 🇬🇧 el 26 de agosto de 2021
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I did enjoy this book greatly, but Pistor is a poor writer. Pistor takes readers through legal history by examining the way different assets (Land, Financial Derivatives, Companies) have been given legal personality by private lawyers through the centuries. However, her writing is often obtuse and dense, and she is fond of using acronyms without defining the acronyms beforehand. She also likes to re-use phrases 'coding strategies' 'asset cloaking' 'legal shielding' to the point it becomes nauseous for readers.

At the beginning of the book, her stated aim is to write something intelligible for the average educated individual, but even I (as someone who has a background in the finance industry and someone with an economics degree) found the book difficult to wade through at times. Perhaps this is emblematic of lawyers: they dress up simple ideas in arcane language to give themselves an air of sophistication. In any case, there are lots of intriguing ideas in this book, it's just a shame that Pistor is unable to write in a simple manner.
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georges ugeux
5,0 de 5 estrellas A ramrkable analysis of the bias of the law towards wealth and inequality
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 23 de enero de 2020
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Once upon a time, a book comes out that overwhelms the reader.
Katarina Pistor's us of the code of capital is one of them. It literally redefines the relationship between power and money through the use or abuse of the law. Yet the basic mechanism is simple: after lobbying the governments and lawmakers, to get what they want, the wealth and corporate will use their money to hire superb lawyers ho will not just tell them how to apply the law, but will make state law into private law by using their powerful interests. Through a series of concrete examples, the Author forces us to see the reality. As lawyers, we run the risk to be instrumentalized in the transformation of the law into a weapon to the benefit of the wealthy. The book is extremely readable, yet intense and robust in its demonstration.
A 10 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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Matt L. Pimentel, Ph.D.
3,0 de 5 estrellas Far too dry, but very accurate
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 26 de agosto de 2020
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I could not even finish this damn book. Although Dr. Katharina Pistor is a very intelligence individual, her writing is exorbitantly dry and she belays the point far too often. This book first intrigued me since I am since a huge fan of Piketty, the French genius economist. He referenced this book on how capital instruments (property, patents, pharmaceuticals, the development of new technologies, etc.), are encoded in law so they have a long-standing profiting motive for many years. She is accurate in the sense that lobbying has encrusted and enabled the worlds’ economies to make a small sector of individuals very rich. In essence, this was started by private property rights, which the State gladly capitulated and taxed property for its own benefit and to protect the very rich individuals. It is now overgrown and those that lobby the highest dollar swim in the spoils. Skim some of the chapters but not worth the cover price.
A 2 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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Ben Hur
4,0 de 5 estrellas Fascinating idea, but with lengthy sentences
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 20 de enero de 2020
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Not having any legal background, I had a hard time to getting used to author’s lengthy sentences and vague usage of conceptual parables. I could only make out of 70% of the whole book.

However the idea itself and the evidences provided in the book are very compelling, and was worth the read. I would like to recommend the book to mu colleagues.
A 3 personas les ha parecido esto útil
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Mike watkins Jr.
3,0 de 5 estrellas Tough read/ kinda dry but very informative
Revisado en los Estados Unidos 🇺🇸 el 24 de octubre de 2019
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Not going to go into details... most have said already what I would say. The only thing I would add is this book or... at least examples utilized in this book are complex and full of stats/numbers . The nc2 trust example is a good example of this. The book didn’t flow very well... a lot of jumping tbh and some examples were not needed so I didn’t really enjoy reading this tbh outside of the information it provided... but that’s just me. Lastly the book makes as good as an argument you can make for how capital is actually created by law... and not purely a manifestation of the free market ... but in the end it’s only convincing in some context... and there are limited examples of some of the things the author mentions. But yeah well written book, but very complex and not entirely convincing.
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